See foulen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "foul"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "to foul"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fūlian",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English fūlian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fūlian"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English fūlian",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fūlēn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fūlēn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "foul",
"3": "-en",
"id1": "foul",
"nocap": "1",
"t1": "foul"
},
"expansion": "by surface analysis, foul (“foul”) + -en",
"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "fouler",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "semantic loan from Old French fouler",
"name": "semantic loan"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English fūlian, from Proto-West Germanic *fūlēn; by surface analysis, foul (“foul”) + -en.\nThe \"damage\" sense may be a semantic loan from Old French fouler.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fouleth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "foulende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "foulynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "foulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to foulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "foulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "foulest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fouledest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fouleth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "foulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "foulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "foulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fouleden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fouleth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foulynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "foulende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yfouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fule",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "fowle",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "foulen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "foul"
},
"expansion": "foulen (third-person singular simple present fouleth, present participle foulende, foulynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fouled)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "foul"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To dirty or foul; to make or become dirty."
],
"id": "en-foulen-enm-verb-Ky22mKdl",
"links": [
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
],
[
"foul",
"foul"
],
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To dirty or foul; to make or become dirty."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "defoulen"
}
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"glosses": [
"To damage or destroy; to seriously harm:",
"To pollute or defile; to make unclean or impure."
],
"id": "en-foulen-enm-verb-w3dH5Rw~",
"links": [
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"destroy",
"destroy"
],
[
"seriously",
"seriously"
],
[
"harm",
"harm"
],
[
"pollute",
"pollute"
],
[
"defile",
"defile"
],
[
"unclean",
"unclean"
],
[
"impure",
"impure"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To damage or destroy; to seriously harm:",
"To pollute or defile; to make unclean or impure."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "defoulen"
},
{
"word": "defoulen"
}
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "4 4 88 3 1",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Appearance",
"orig": "enm:Appearance",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To damage or destroy; to seriously harm:",
"To disfigure or mutilate; to damage something's appearance."
],
"id": "en-foulen-enm-verb-6EsB8G~H",
"links": [
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"destroy",
"destroy"
],
[
"seriously",
"seriously"
],
[
"harm",
"harm"
],
[
"disfigure",
"disfigure"
],
[
"mutilate",
"mutilate"
],
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"appearance",
"appearance"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To damage or destroy; to seriously harm:",
"(rare) To disfigure or mutilate; to damage something's appearance."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "defoulen"
},
{
"word": "defoulen"
}
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "0 0 0 100 0",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Feces",
"orig": "enm:Feces",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To defecate; to deposit feces."
],
"id": "en-foulen-enm-verb-Lqd-QJZZ",
"links": [
[
"defecate",
"defecate"
],
[
"feces",
"feces"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, rare) To defecate; to deposit feces."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuːlən/"
}
],
"word": "foulen"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "fowl"
}
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "to fowl"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fuglian",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English fuglian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fuglian"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English fuglian",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fuglōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fuglōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "foul",
"3": "-en",
"id1": "bird",
"nocap": "1",
"t1": "bird"
},
"expansion": "by surface analysis, foul (“bird”) + -en",
"name": "surf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English fuglian, fugelian, from Proto-West Germanic *fuglōn; by surface analysis, foul (“bird”) + -en.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fouleth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "foulende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "foulynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "foulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to foulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "foulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "foulest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fouledest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fouleth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "foulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "foulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "foulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fouleden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fouleth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foulynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "foulende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yfouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "fowle",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ffewle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fowlyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "foulen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "foul"
},
"expansion": "foulen (third-person singular simple present fouleth, present participle foulende, foulynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fouled)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "foul",
"inf2": "0"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "1 0 1 0 98",
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "enm",
"name": "Hunting",
"orig": "enm:Hunting",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"To fowl; to hunt birds."
],
"id": "en-foulen-enm-verb-ikeGiqX0",
"links": [
[
"fowl",
"fowl"
],
[
"hunt",
"hunt"
],
[
"bird",
"bird"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To fowl; to hunt birds."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuːlən/"
}
],
"word": "foulen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English semantic loans from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Appearance",
"enm:Feces",
"enm:Hunting"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "foul"
}
],
"etymology_number": "1",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "to foul"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fūlian",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English fūlian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fūlian"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English fūlian",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fūlēn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fūlēn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "foul",
"3": "-en",
"id1": "foul",
"nocap": "1",
"t1": "foul"
},
"expansion": "by surface analysis, foul (“foul”) + -en",
"name": "surf"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "fouler",
"nocap": "1"
},
"expansion": "semantic loan from Old French fouler",
"name": "semantic loan"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English fūlian, from Proto-West Germanic *fūlēn; by surface analysis, foul (“foul”) + -en.\nThe \"damage\" sense may be a semantic loan from Old French fouler.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fouleth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "foulende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "foulynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "foulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to foulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "foulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "foulest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fouledest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fouleth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "foulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "foulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "foulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fouleden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fouleth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foulynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "foulende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yfouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fule",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Early-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "fowle",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "foulen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "foul"
},
"expansion": "foulen (third-person singular simple present fouleth, present participle foulende, foulynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fouled)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "foul"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs",
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To dirty or foul; to make or become dirty."
],
"links": [
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
],
[
"foul",
"foul"
],
[
"dirty",
"dirty"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To dirty or foul; to make or become dirty."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "defoulen"
}
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs",
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To damage or destroy; to seriously harm:",
"To pollute or defile; to make unclean or impure."
],
"links": [
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"destroy",
"destroy"
],
[
"seriously",
"seriously"
],
[
"harm",
"harm"
],
[
"pollute",
"pollute"
],
[
"defile",
"defile"
],
[
"unclean",
"unclean"
],
[
"impure",
"impure"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To damage or destroy; to seriously harm:",
"To pollute or defile; to make unclean or impure."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "defoulen"
},
{
"word": "defoulen"
}
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs",
"Middle English terms with rare senses",
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To damage or destroy; to seriously harm:",
"To disfigure or mutilate; to damage something's appearance."
],
"links": [
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"destroy",
"destroy"
],
[
"seriously",
"seriously"
],
[
"harm",
"harm"
],
[
"disfigure",
"disfigure"
],
[
"mutilate",
"mutilate"
],
[
"damage",
"damage"
],
[
"appearance",
"appearance"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To damage or destroy; to seriously harm:",
"(rare) To disfigure or mutilate; to damage something's appearance."
],
"synonyms": [
{
"word": "defoulen"
},
{
"word": "defoulen"
}
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive",
"rare"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs",
"Middle English terms with rare senses"
],
"glosses": [
"To defecate; to deposit feces."
],
"links": [
[
"defecate",
"defecate"
],
[
"feces",
"feces"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(intransitive, rare) To defecate; to deposit feces."
],
"tags": [
"intransitive",
"rare"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuːlən/"
}
],
"word": "foulen"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms suffixed with -en",
"Middle English verbs",
"Middle English weak verbs",
"Pages with 2 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"enm:Appearance",
"enm:Feces",
"enm:Hunting"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "fowl"
}
],
"etymology_number": "2",
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "to fowl"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymid"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fuglian",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English fuglian",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "fuglian"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English fuglian",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*fuglōn"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *fuglōn",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "foul",
"3": "-en",
"id1": "bird",
"nocap": "1",
"t1": "bird"
},
"expansion": "by surface analysis, foul (“bird”) + -en",
"name": "surf"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English fuglian, fugelian, from Proto-West Germanic *fuglōn; by surface analysis, foul (“bird”) + -en.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "fouleth",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "foulende",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "foulynge",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"indicative",
"participle",
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "weak",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "enm-conj-wk",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "foulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "to foulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"infinitive"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "foulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"first-person",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "foulest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fouledest",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"second-person",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "fouleth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "foulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"third-person"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"present",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "foulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"singular",
"subjunctive"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"present",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "foulen",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fouleden",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foulede",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "fouleth",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "foule",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"plural",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"imperative",
"past",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "foulynge",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "foulende",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"present"
]
},
{
"form": "fouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "yfouled",
"source": "conjugation",
"tags": [
"participle",
"past"
]
},
{
"form": "fowle",
"tags": [
"alternative",
"Late-Middle-English"
]
},
{
"form": "ffewle",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "fowlyn",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "verb",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "foulen",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"stem": "foul"
},
"expansion": "foulen (third-person singular simple present fouleth, present participle foulende, foulynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative and past participle fouled)",
"name": "enm-verb"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "foul",
"inf2": "0"
},
"name": "enm-conj-wk"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "verb",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Middle English intransitive verbs",
"Middle English transitive verbs"
],
"glosses": [
"To fowl; to hunt birds."
],
"links": [
[
"fowl",
"fowl"
],
[
"hunt",
"hunt"
],
[
"bird",
"bird"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(ambitransitive) To fowl; to hunt birds."
],
"tags": [
"ambitransitive"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ˈfuːlən/"
}
],
"word": "foulen"
}
Download raw JSONL data for foulen meaning in Middle English (12.5kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-20 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.